Sunday, January 19, 2020
Organization transformation Essay
The need for a change is almost there on a daily basis in corporations. This is accentuated by particularly by the advent of new technology like the internet and new management methods and new technologies (Wallace, 2007). This brings in new ways of doing jobs within the company and thus the workers are affected. Companies which initially used to have the traditional organization model have increasingly adopted they are better and more efficient and modern transformed organizational models. An organization provides a mean of utilizing individual capabilities within a team to accomplish what cannot be achieved by the aggregate attempts of team members working in isolation. The aims of forming corporations and organizations are to deliver goods or services to consumers in a way that at the conclusion of the deal profits and not losses can be realized. Organizational change is geared at achieving this and thus winning the hearts and minds of the target population while concurrently bringing about a changed behavior and work culture to the partakers. In response to this Organizational transformation, roles, skills, job descriptions and structure of the workforce need to be re-designed. The Southwest Gas Corporation Such a company that has embraced organizational change from the traditional one to the modern organization transformation is the southern gas corporation of Nevada. Having realized that all organizations and corporations are unique due to unique environment in which they operate and their mode and ways of operations they should be structured to accommodate unique problems and opportunities Southwest Gas Corporation is a company engaged in the business of purchasing, distributing and transporting natural gas to residential, commercial and industrial customers in Nevada state of the southwestern United States. The Gas Corporation has employed about 2,500 workers who serve at least 1. 8million customers in Arizona, Nevada and parts of California states. The company is an investor owned utility whose shares are traded in the New York Stock Exchange and the pacific stock exchange (South West Gas Corporation, 2007). The company has been implementing a five year organizational transformation with an aim of offering better services to the customers and improving the quality of he workers. With respect to transformation certain areas should be prioritized for instance in redefining the business model, integrating acquisitions, building infrastructure, reframing markets and managing talents. The southern gas corporation has taken comprehensive plan to change from the traditional to the transformed organizational model studies done on this company indicated that a positive correlation between the working conditions and the productivity of the workers exists . the results of the studies revealed that innate forces of human behavior may have a greater influence on organizations than do mechanistic incentive systems. In response to that study southern gas corporation have done an almost complete overhaul in areas to do with transport, billing, the accounting system, meter reading systems and the whole organization structure of the company since 2002. Effects Having undergone the organizational change to a more better and modern one saw a number of transformations in the work force. Every member of the workforce was subjected to month long refreshment training as a way of crating a new working atmosphere and as a way of orientating them to the new working tools. The remuneration package was revised to increase the morale of the workers. On the part of the infrastructure the offices and other working areas were renovated. The total reorganization of the offices this was to cater for the psychological aspect of the workers The Organizations adopted a vertical division of labor practice involving the administrators then below them the managers and supervisors and lastly at the base we have the workers. The principal function of top level administrators or executives generally is to plan long-term strategy and administer the middle managers whose work is to guide the day to day activities of the corporations and oversee implementation of the top level strategy. Low-level supervisors and laborers put the made strategy into action and carry out the immediate tasks needed to keep the corporation running. Thus, the South west gas corporation has become a formal with reference to the extent of formalization of rules that have been adopted within the organization structure. In formal organizations, a mild impersonal relationship between the workers and the company is viewed as the best environment suitable for achievements of organizationââ¬â¢s objectives by the managerial staff. Here subordinates duties more clearly defined and workforce with different applicable skills are dispensed duties to their areas of specialization in the corporation. It is the duties of workers at the bottom level to perform the essential duties of the corporation with supervisory assistance from the managers. Subordinate staff deals generally with supply and production chain of the corporation . The managerial needs of the whole business process is overseen by the higher cadre staff that includes the supervisors and the administrators. Two important implications into the change in the organization procedure there was equity due to just fair and impartial treatment of all workers, the organization was more orderly since employees were arranged where they would be of most value to the corporation. Initiative was fostered by encouraging the employees to act on their own. Similarly the employees cultivated more attributes and etiquettes (South West Gas Corporation, 2007). Motivation should come from different incentives rather than letting monetary rewards be the sole motivators. The spirit of comradeship among the workers fostered devotion to a common cause. The behavioral change by the managers that allowed greater latitudes stimulated the workers. In general, transformation made workers to become more productive. Having been provided with the best working conditions the workers employees have become capable of effective self-direction yielding self-actualization and this was among the biggest rewards that organizations has provided to its employees. Similar the shares of the southern gas company at the New York stock exchange gained value. Use of improved service delivery systems for instance the better gas safety management systems reduced the number of gas accident cases recorded prior to the five year period. Due to a liberalized approach towards the workers in the by the management they were able to create their labour organization to looks for their own interests, thus enhancing growth of the labour union organizations. This amounted to increase in vocal power of the workers to demand their rights. Conclusion In the world today organizations are operating in an increasingly complex platform. Changing multiple dimensions and high rates globalization trends and the implications of the post-industrial information age are driving these corporations to revolutinalize themselves (Wallace, 2007). The end product of this transformation is a successful company with competent work force. However, organizational transformation should not stop with the end of the project duration. During the benefit realizations stage of the lifecycle, emphasis should be continued on the need to encourage the workers and the community to adapt to the new ways of working and get the most from the system change.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Book Analysis
David Mametââ¬â¢s Bambi vs. Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose, and Practice of the Movie Business is one of the latest books written by David Mamet. The book is about the sharp views that Mamet makes about the movie business and the inner doings of Hollywood. On 30th November 1947 Lenore June gave birth to a boy in Chicago who was named David Alan Mamet. Mametââ¬â¢s mother Lenore June was a teacher and his father Bernard Morris who was an attorney. (Film Makers, Pp 1)Mamet is an American movie director, writer, novelist, dramatist, and a screenwriter.He is famous for his works which are well-known among people for their clever, short, and at times offensive dialogue and his mysterious styled phrasing sense. (Film Makers, Pp 1) Mamet has received a number of award nominations like he got nominated for Tony Award for Glengarry Glen Ross (1984) and Speed-the-Plow (1988). He was acknowledged with Oscar suggestion for Wag the Dog (1997) and The Verdict (1982) as a playwright. (Film M akers, Pp 1)Some of his recent books include The Old Religion written in1997, it is a novel about the execution of Leo Frank; Five Cities of Refuge: Weekly Reflections on Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy written in 2004, an explanation of the Torah, The Wicked Son written in 2006, contains a deep study of the Jewish self-hatred and anti-Semitism; and Bambi vs. Godzilla, a book having sour comments and is a collection of essays on the movie business. (Gabriel Steinfeld, Pp1) In this book Mamet gives us a revolutionary inside look at Hollywood from the point of view of a film-maker.The title brings together an impressive, arresting and a weird metaphor that is ââ¬Å"Bambi vs. Godzilla,â⬠which refers to an old underground small cartoon, with long and graceful subtitle which is expressed in more literary language that showed off his intelligence. The subtitle which is ââ¬Å"On the Nature, Purpose, and Practice of the Movie Businessâ⬠shows that this book is a collection of essays on different phases of film making which includes production, direction, behind-the-scene stories etc. The book consists of eight major sections and forty-odd short chapters.The eight major sections contains the titles such as ââ¬Å"The Screenplayâ⬠( this section provides the steps to effective skill writing), ââ¬Å"Techniqueâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Genreâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Some Principlesâ⬠are the sections that covers the areas of film criticism , ââ¬Å"The Good People of Hollywoodâ⬠(this section of the books covers dissimilar topics, that are mostly related to the power dynamics that take place behind the scenes of movies), ââ¬Å"The Repressive Mechanismâ⬠(this section is somewhat freely linked by the subject of power and the relation of art to it), ââ¬Å"Passing Judgmentâ⬠( this section covers the part of acting and criticism), ââ¬Å"Crimes and Misdemeanorsâ⬠(covers the portion of the cheats and the dishonesty that big na mes make in the Hollywood). (Gabriel Steinfeld, Pp1) He in details explains what happens at the studios, what happens during the shooting of a movie and various questions which arise in the mind of a common man.Mamet presents a clear-cut view of the deepest and the secret inner workings of the general movie industry and particularly concentrates on Hollywood in the book. Mamet provides entertaining, astonishing, and willingly gives the answers to questions about almost every portion of filmmaking, right from the concept to script and to the screen. (Gabriel Steinfeld, Pp1) Before Bambi vs. Godzilla Mamet wrote and directed a drama Spartan in 2004, which was very much mishandled by Warner Bros. they didnââ¬â¢t knew how to present this drama to audience so after a short period of time they dumped this drama. The way Spartan was handled and treated Mamet could be expected to reveal his anger and rage through this book he had for the studios and the film industry.Even though several of these pieces were written before the Spartan misfortune, Mamet showed his disapproval for the present structure and organization of conventional cinema and to show his disapproval he does not even waits for the main chapters to start he begins it from the introduction of the book. (Gabriel Steinfeld, Pp1) In the book Mamet covers a wide range of topics that range from ââ¬Å"How Scripts Got So Badâ⬠to the ââ¬Å"Manners in Hollywood. â⬠He takes us gradually through some of his personal favorite movie stunts and directorial tricks, and clearly in the film speaks aloud the fact that it is the craft and the crew that make great films not the actors and producers.He also tells the audience in the books that who are his preferred and much loved performers and what are his favorite films, according to him who he thinks is the most ideal actor that would bring elegance to the screen, and who he thinks should never have showed on screen. (Christopher Hirst, Pp1) Modern or Pos t-modern? Mamet was post-modern in his artistic perspective. He has used to portray art which is considered to be in disagreement to a number of features of modernization, or to have appeared or developed in its consequences. In common activities for instance inter-media, setting up art, theoretical art and multimedia, mainly connecting video are illustrated as postmodern.The qualities linked with the exploit of the expression postmodern in art incorporates bricolage, utilization of vocabulary significantly as the fundamental creative constituent, collage, generalization, misappropriation, representation of user or accepted civilization and presentation art. The book is written about the present situation of Hollywood. David Mamet speaks about the flaws of the film industry. His way of writing and his ideas clearly shows that he is a man of modern culture. He looks at the modern situation of the film industry and suggests ideas that could make drastic changes in the film industry of today and those would pertain in the future. The choice usually Mamet makes for his actors would be disapproved or ignored by the current film-makers but if they looked through Mametââ¬â¢s point of view Hollywood would very soon start to produce well-crafted and outstanding movies of its time.(Christopher Hirst, Pp1) References Christopher Hirst ,Paperbacks: Bambi Vs Godzilla, by David Mamet, (2008) Retrieved 01-02-2009, from http://www. independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/paperbacks-bambi-vs-godzilla-by-david-mamet-864393. html Gabriel Steinfeld , Book reviews: Bambi vs. Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose and Practice of the Movie Business, by David Mamet,(2009) Retrieved 01-02-2009, http://www. helium. com/items/536905-book-reviews-bambi-vs-godzilla-nature-purpose-practice-movie-business-david Film Makers, David Mamet. Media Pro Tech Inc. (2006). Retrieved from: http://www. filmmakers. com/artists/mamet/biography/index. htm
Friday, January 3, 2020
Burton Elementary School City University Of Seattle Essay
Wittrock-Burton Elementary 1 Burton Elementary School Necolena Wittrock City University of Seattle Burton Elementary School Burton Elementary is a kindergarten through fifth-grade school located in the Evergreen School District, the 4th largest school district in the state. Burton Elementary has been open since 1970 and has a current student population of 452. Burton obtains students from the surrounding neighborhood and houses two special education classes that gain children from all over the district. A walk around of the school offers us an inside look of the school and its community School Walk Around and Demographics In the mornings, just before school is starting, you will see school buses and the crossing guard delivering students safely to school. The Principal and teachers can be seen out front of the building and their classrooms welcoming students and parents to school. Figure 1. Welcome Sign for Burton Elementary After parking, visitors are required to check in at the office for safety, but when you walk into the office, in a cozy corner of the building, you are greeted by the secretaries and their pleasant smiles. As we move away from the office and down the hall, classrooms are situated in a circular fashion with the library at the center, giving a centralized meeting point for the school. Figure 2. 2nd Grade Classroom Figure 3. Front of Burton Elementary Figure 4 Library The hallways seem to be the main veins of the school and asShow MoreRelatedDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words à |à 68 Pages22903 ï⠷ (434) 249-7645 ï⠷ AgrawalA11@darden.virginia.edu EDUCATION Darden Graduate School of Business Administration University of Virginia Candidate for Master of Business Administration, May 2011 ï⠷ Awarded Batten Innovation Scholarship (merit-based full tuition scholarship); ï⠷ GMAT: 730; AWA: 5.5 ï⠷ Member of Finance Club, Energy Club and Darden Capital Management Club Charlottesville, VA Nanyang Technological University Singapore Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Engineering) and Minor in BusinessRead MoreControl Theory15246 Words à |à 61 Pages6 The Complexity of Control Travis Hirschi 1935ââ¬â University of Arizona Author of Social Bond Theory Hirschiââ¬â¢s Two Theories and Beyond T ravis Hirschi has dominated control theory for four decades. His influence today is undiminished and likely will continue for years, if not decades, to come (see, e.g., Britt Gottfredson, 2003; Gottfredson, 2006; Kempf, 1993; Pratt Cullen, 2000). Beyond the sheer scholarly talent manifested in his writings, what accounts for Hirschiââ¬â¢s enduring influence onRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words à |à 656 PagesRichard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking andRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 PagesBehavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins ââ¬âSan Diego State University Timothy A. Judge ââ¬âUniversity of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley SantoraRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 Pages Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Acquisitions
Wednesday, December 25, 2019
Historical Demand For And Prevalence Of Birth Control
This essay will examine the historical demand for and prevalence of birth control in the United States. The history of birth control in the U.S. begins long before the infamous 1973 Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court decision affirming the legality of abortion. Before examining birth control, itââ¬â¢s important to first dispel the myth that birth control and particularly abortion is only sought by modern, unmarried women who are more promiscuous than women in earlier ages. America was never abstinent. Itââ¬â¢s a myth that more teens and young adults have sex now than in previous generations. With poorer health and nutrition than in modern times, fewer teenage girls were developed enough to become pregnant in the past. In 1870, only slightly more than oneâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This study must be considered with hesitation due to the small sample size, as well as the reality that certain generations and age groups may be more inclined to lie about having had sex or not than others. Around the same period, sex with prostitutes declined over 50 percent between 1900 and 1910. Due to the first sexual revolution of the twentieth century, young men were more likely to have their first sexual encounter with a girlfriend rather than a prostitute. This increased the need for the general population to have knowledge of and access to birth control methods. Margaret Sanger claimed in 1914 that upper-middle-class women, promiscuous girls, and prostitutes rarely become pregnant because they know how to prevent conception. However, lower middle-class women lack knowledge of birth control methods and it was cheaper to give birth than have an abortion even if they knew that they would be financially unable to care for the new child. During this time, sex manuals expanded couplesââ¬â¢ knowledge of sexual techniques and greater access to birth control allowed couples to explore their sexuality further. 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Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Kite Runner Essay - 1002 Words
The Kite Runner Theme Essay Father-Son Relationship (Amir and Baba) Amir, who is the main character The Kite Runner, is a boy who always wanted the admiration and acceptance of his father, Baba. Baba and Amir cannot have the relationship Amir wants to have because of the characteristics that they have and do not share between each other. Amir wants to have Baba all to himself, and not share him with others, such as Hassan. Amir is weak in Babaââ¬â¢s eyes and Amir is not how Baba sees his son to be. But in the end, Amir just wanted to have his fathers respect. Amir wishes to have his father all to himself, he wants to spend time with Baba without anyone else. Also, Amir wants to be Babaââ¬â¢s favorite and for Baba to give all his attention toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Baba expected Amir to be like he was when he was a boy. Since Amir reads poetry instead of hunting like Baba wants him to, they cannot have the relationship Amir desires. Next, When Baba was talking to Rahim Khan about Amir, he told him that he (Baba) was not like that at all w hen he was a child. When he did complain about how his son was not like him, Baba did sound kind of frustrated. His frustration shows that he is uncomfortable that his son is not an exact replica of himself, and again this means they cannot have the relationship Amir wants. Another example of Babaââ¬â¢s disappointment over Amir is, once again, in another conversation with Rahim Khan that Amir overheard, Baba told Rahim Khan that if he did not witness the birth of Amir himself, he would not believe that he is his son. Baba and Amir are almost completely different people and Baba finds discomfort in that. Baba wanted Amir to be exactly like him and this shows how he feels about the differences between them. Amir and Baba cannot have the relationship Amir desires because he cannot fulfill Babaââ¬â¢s high expectations. It is because of the assumption of the father-son relationship of Amir and Baba, as well as their clashing traits, that they cannot have the relationship Amir wants . Their contrasting ideas of what their relationship should be is shown by Amirââ¬â¢s wanting to have Baba all to himself, Amirââ¬â¢s weakness andShow MoreRelated The Kite Runner Essay1476 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Kite Runner Reading for leisure provides valuable insight into the authorââ¬â¢s imagination or prior experience giving the reader a different perspective on a certain topic or culture. In Khaled Hosseiniââ¬â¢s The Kite Runner, we are introduced into a world of privilege in Afghanistan for the main character, Amir, combated with his best friend and half brother Hassan, their lowly Hazara servant. The two boys were raised together but being a Hazara is seen as an inferior race to many of the otherRead More The Kite Runner Essay1632 Words à |à 7 Pagesââ¬Å"There is a way to be good againâ⬠(2). This is the line that rolls through Amirs mind over and over throughout Khaled Hosseinis novel, The Kite Runner. This is the story of a mans struggle to find redemption. The author illustrates with the story of Amir that it is not possible to make wrongs completely right again because its too late to change past. In this novel Hosseini is telling us that redemption is obtainable, and by a llowing us to see Amirs thought process throughout the novel, HosseiniRead MoreThe Kite Runner Essay1321 Words à |à 6 PagesWhat are the essential values and ideas presented in The Kite Runner? Analyse and assess how effective their representation is Hosseini has expressed copious essential values and ideas in his novel The Kite Runner (TKR) including Loyalty, Culture, Gender and Ethnicity and Atonement. Hosseini has expressed these through the combination of style, structure, characterisation, themes and setting. Due to the context of The Kite Runner, culture is an important idea presented because it has major significanceRead MoreThe Kite Runner Essay2862 Words à |à 12 PagesThe Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini Chapters 1-5 (PP. 1-47) Reading Questions 1. The novel begins with a flashback. What do you think is its purpose? What do you learn about the narrator? The purpose of the book in my opinion is to set up the setting of the main idea of the book and to give the readers Amirââ¬â¢s opinion on his fellow characters, so they can see the main idea. You learn about Amirââ¬â¢s life and how this event has affected him. 2. Who is Hassan? Describe him physically. WhatRead More The Kite Runner Essay896 Words à |à 4 Pages Khaled Hosseiniââ¬â¢s The Kite Runner is a remarkable coming-of-age novel describing and revealing the thoughts and actions of Amir, a compunctious adult in the United States and his memories of his affluent childhood in the unstable political environment of Afghanistan. The novel showcases the simplistic yet powerful ability of guilt to influence decisions and cause conflict which arises between Amirââ¬â¢s childhood friend and half-brother, Hassan; Amirââ¬â¢s father, Baba; and importantly, himself. DifferenceRead MoreEssay about The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1494 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini This essay will discuss the central themes of the book The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini. Because the story is told at a time before the War on Terror, it brings the reader back to an Afghanistan the average American never knew existed and presents the current socio-economic reality of a United States one may choose to ignore. The description of Afghanistan before its many occupations is a tragedy in itself. The Author portrays a country on the cusp ofRead MoreThe Kite Runner and King Lear Comparative Essay957 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Kite Runner and King Lear Comparative Essay Families play a large role in our world. Sometimes families keep you together but at other times they can tear you apart. The subject of family is a major theme in Khaled Hosseinis extraordinary novel, The Kite Runner and Shakespeareââ¬â¢s well-known tragedy, King Lear. In both of these writings, family is a constant theme that occurs throughout both works of literature. Family relationship is often expressed through the actions of the characters andRead MoreEssay about Characters of The Kite Runner854 Words à |à 4 PagesPublished by Riverhead Books in 2003, Khaled Hosseini wrote The Kite Runner, a powerful story of love, fear, friendship, redemption, and the reality of the cruel world we live in. In this tale, you develop a personal relationship with the characters as you feel their emotions. Khaled Hosseini brings his characters to life eloquently. The relationship between son and father, rich and poor, countryman and his country, Pashtun and Hazara, friend and brother, andRead MoreThe Kite Runner Betrayal Essay example944 Words à |à 4 PagesIn ââ¬Å"The Kite Runner,â⬠Amir and Baba both betray the servants most loyal to them. Hassan and Ali both do everything in their power to please their masters and remain loyal to them. Hassan and Ali differ from their masters in numerous ways but both pairs have similar differences. The master servant relationship between Baba, Ali and Amir, Hassan both differ in the charactersââ¬â¢ attitudes, relationships, loyalty and courage. Although Baba and Ali grew up together, they grow to be very distinct peopleRead MoreThe Kite Runner - Importance of Forgiveness Essay1090 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Importance of Forgiveness Forgiveness is essential to daily life. An important person does the unthinkable, and finally that person earns forgiveness. It is important to forgive oneself, so one can forgive others, too. In The Kite Runner, novelist Khaled Hosseini tells about the past of the Afghan refugee, Amir, and about the importance of forgiveness regarding to what happens in Afghanistan a long time before Amir arrives in America. Amir grows up in Kabul with his prosperous father, Baba
Monday, December 9, 2019
Contract Law Peculiar Circumstances
Question: Describe about the Contract Law for Peculiar Circumstances. Answer: 1. Introduction It is not enmesh in controversy that consideration, as a matter of course, plays an anomalous role in formation of a contract. There is, infallibly, some truth to the widely agreeable protestation that consideration in a contract must not only be adequate, but must also be sufficient. Issue The challenging question, however, embedded in the whole discussion of consideration is whether a past consideration is legally valid and sufficient. Rule The doctrine of past consideration emanates from the idea that consideration must be given after a promise is made (Roscolla v Thomas, 1842). In the case of Harrington v Taylor (1945) P was assaulted as a result of voluntarily assisting D from being knocked by W. Later D promised W that he is going to pay him for the damages but D did not pay the full promised amount. It was held by the court that a past consideration is not a valid consideration, however the court noted of the moral imperative on D to compensate P. It can thus be stated that where the consideration is given based on a predated activity or occurrence of an event that is past it is generally regarded as not good consideration (Eastwood v Kenyon, 1840). Application The rule was also successfully applied in Re McArdle (1951) where two siblings undertook to repair a house and later it was stated that after the sale of the house of their late father they will be paid a sum of $480 as consideration of the repairing the house. It was held that the promise to make payment was made after consideration had been provided it was the past consideration was not valid. It has also been argued that where there are two parties in a contract and after the formation of the contract one party promises that the other that they will give him or her an extra benefit in the contract, it has been held that the consideration for that promises had already been fulfilled and therefore the past consideration will not be valid (Paul 2007). Conclusion Essentially, it can be observed that the rule of past consideration appears to very strict from a majority of application of the precedents discussed above. It appears that the common law did not give room for exception to this rule. However there is truth in the words that the law of equity is not cast on stone and it is subject to exceptions. Issue The other major issue is whether the rule that past consideration is not good consideration still applies or has since been overridden by other decisions. Indeed the strictness of the principle in past consideration has since been overridden as shall be demonstrated below. Rule In as early as 1652 it was held that where the promisor had expressly agreed that the other party supplies goods to him and ,the goods are actually delivered, a promise that is made after the goods are delivered shall be regarded as binding (Lampleigh v Braithwait,1615). It is apparent from the above case that there must be an express authority from the promisor that a certain act be undertaken. It should be borne in mind that the promise that is later made must be related to the act that the promisor had given express authority to (Stone 2011). Any act that was not followed by the express authority of the promisor is deemed not consideration for the later promise. Application The case of Privy Council in Pao On v Lau Yiu Long (1979) which appears to be the leading case when discussing the exception of the rule in past consideration, has been widely accepted across various jurisdiction and regarded as one of pervasive importance. In this case, Pao On and Fu Chipo agreed that Pao On would retain 60%of the acquired shared until 1974. Later on in 1973 Pao refused to continue to retain the shares unless he was indemnified for the value of the retained shares. The holding of this case established that for a past consideration to be valid there are three essential ingredients that were necessary. Firstly, the act must be one that was done at the request of the promisor. It can be deduced that it was the defendant himself who had agreed that Pao retain the shares. Secondly, it was held that the parties must have had it clear and understood that the act was one which was capable of remuneration. It can also be discerned here that they both agreed that the act would be compensated by the provision of a guarantee. This second test has been held that it in most instances gives the court an onerous task showing the consensus ad idem (meeting if the minds) of the parties (Pavis 2007) It has been suggested that an objective test should be taken to determine if a reasonable person in the same position as the parties would infer that the act was one capable of being remunerated. In Re Caseys Patents (1892) the claimant promoted patents that belonged to the defendant and when the work was almost completed the defendant promised to pay the claimant but he actually failed to pay. The court held that there was an understanding between the parties that the acts were to be remunerated and therefore the consideration even though past is valid. Thirdly, that if the promise was made prior to the performance of the act, the promise would also be enforceable. This implies that the promise should be that one if made in the ordinary sense of contract law it will be capable of enforcement. In the practical commercial world it has been held that a new contract that has been formed between a creditor and a debtor concerning a debt that is time bared relies on the a past consideration and can therefore fall within the panoply of the exceptions that state that past consideration is good consideration (Richard 2011). On the other hand In the English law negotiable instruments such as cheques have also been held to rely on the doctrine of past consideration. It is imperative to note that most cheques are normally cashed after the performance of an act and hence the consideration can be regarded as a past consideration (Sarah 2003). Conclusion The discussion above has dissected the principle of past consideration and discussed all the facets from its inception when the harsh common law doctrine applied and strictly considered past consideration as not good consideration to the present equitable past consideration which though not good consideration it can be allowed in peculiar circumstances. From the foregoing it can be plausibly concluded that the principle of past consideration has not entirely been overridden as it is subject to exceptions. References Eastwood v Kenyon (1840) 113 ER 482 at 485 Harrington v Taylor (1945) 36 SE 2d 227 Lampleigh v Braithwait [1615] EWHC KB J 17 Oudhton, P, 2000, Sourcebook on contract law, Cavendish Publishing Pao on v Lau Yiu Long [1979] 3 All ER 65 Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669 Re Caseys Patents (1892) 1 Ch 104 Roscorla v Thomas. (1842) 3 QB 234 Richard, P, 2007 Law of contract, Pearson Education Limited Richard,S 2011, The Modern Law of Contract , Routledge Taylor, R, Taylor, D 2011, Contract Law ,Oxford University Press 2011 Worthington,S 2003, Commercial law and commercial practice, Hart Publishing
Monday, December 2, 2019
Global Warming Essay Writing Instructions Essay Example
Global Warming Essay: Writing Instructions Paper The topic should add Reese the three keynotes in the essay title know, will, do: our knowledge of climate change, our attitudes and values about climate change, and our actions in response to climate change. The body of the essay should focus on how knowledge, attitudes and values, and actions are related to each other in terms of climate change. For example, you can consider different human communities/countries and their beliefs and value systems which may influence what they know about climate hanged and what they are doing about it. Or you may take an approach starting with those countries/communities which are doing most/least about global warming and analyzing why in terms of their level of knowledge or the main values in society. The essay is not about the causes, processes, consequences or remedies of climate change NAB. This course is Climate Change and Society with emphasis on society response The conclusion should restate your stance on the statement and summarize the main arguments in the body. You should also briefly discuss the implications based on the arguments in the body of the essay. Content (30%): task fulfillment; relevance and comprehensiveness of information provided about topic; logic and justification of arguments 2. Organization (30%): cohesion and coherence; overall structure; sequence and presentation of ideas 3. Language (30%): academic style and tone; accuracy and range of vocabulary; accuracy and appropriateness of grammatical structures 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Essay: Writing Instructions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Essay: Writing Instructions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Essay: Writing Instructions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer
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